Reconstruction by Marianne Collins. Top: individual specimens within and
outside their tubes; bottom: close-up of a specimen within its tube. Marianne Collins image
Canada’s 505 million year-old Burgess Shale fossil beds, located in Yoho National Park, have yielded yet another major scientific discovery – this time with the unearthing of a strange phallus-shaped creature.
A study to be published online in the journal Nature on March 13 confirms Spartobranchus tenuis is a member of the acorn worms, seldom-seen animals that thrive today in the fine sands and mud of shallow and deeper waters. Acorn worms – also known as enteropneusts – are themselves part of the hemichordates, a group of marine animals closely related to today’s sea stars and sea urchins.
“Unlike animals with teeth and bones, these spaghetti-shaped creatures were soft-bodied, so the fossil record for them is extremely scarce,” said lead author Dr. Jean-Bernard Caron, associate professor of earth sciences and ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Toronto and curator of invertebrate paleontology at the Royal Ontario Museum. “Our analysis of Spartobranchus tenuis, a creature previously unknown to science, pushes the fossil record of the acorn worms back by 200 million years and fundamentally changes our understanding of evolution from this period.”
Since their discovery in the 19th-century, some of the biggest questions in hemichordate evolution have focused on the group’s origins and the relationship between its two main branches: the enteropneusts and pterobranchs. Enteropneusts and pterobranchs look very different, yet share many genetic and developmental characteristics that reveal an otherwise unexpected close relationship.
“Spartobranchus tenuis represents a crucial missing link that serves not only to connect the two main hemichordate groups but helps to explain how an important evolutionary transformation was achieved,” added Caron. “Our study suggests that primitive enteropneusts developed a tubular structure – the smoking gun – which has been retained over time in modern pterobranchs.”
Hemichordates also share many of the same characteristics as chordates – a group of animals that includes humans – with the name hemichordate roughly translating to ‘half a chordate.’
Spartobranchus tenuis probably fed on small particles of matter at the bottom of the oceans. “There are literally thousands of specimens at the Walcott Quarry in Yoho National Park, so it’s possible Spartobranchus tenuis may have played an important role in recycling organic matter in the early Burgess Shale environment, similar to the ecological service provided by earth worms today on land,” said Caron.
Detailed analysis suggests Spartobranchus tenuis had a flexible body consisting of a short proboscis, collar and narrow elongate trunk terminating in a bulbous structure, which may have served as an anchor. The largest complete specimens examined were 10 centimetres long with the proboscis accounting for about half a centimetre. A large proportion of these worms were preserved in tubes, of which some were branched, suggesting the tubes were used as a dwelling structure.
The Spartobranchus tenuis research team also includes Simon Conway Morris of the University of Cambridge and Christopher B. Cameron of the Université de Montréal.
This study adds to a recent string of Burgess Shale discoveries. Last year Caron and Conway Morris published a well-publicized study on Pikaia, believed to be one of the planet’s first human relatives.
Managed by Parks Canada in Yoho National Park, the Burgess Shale was recognized in 1981 as one of Canada’s first UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Now protected under the larger Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Burgess Shale attracts thousands of visitors to Yoho National Park each year for guided hikes to the restricted fossil beds from July to September.
“The Burgess Shale is definitely the Stanley Cup of fossils, and this discovery is a major score,” said Alex Kolesch, Parks Canada’s manager responsible for the Burgess Shale. “You can literally find and touch hundreds of these creatures on a guided hike to the Burgess Shale – it’s truly amazing to have this treasure right here in our back yard.”
To learn more about the Burgess Shale visit: www.burgess-shale.rom.on.ca
